Men’s Reproductive Health Needs Essay
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Men’s Reproductive Health Needs Essay
Reproductive health needs are beginning to be recognized as important to both men’s health and women’s health. Usually the term reproductive health is applied to women of childbearing age.
Used here, the term applies to the health of reproductive organs, which develop in utero and with which a person is born, either male or female, regardless of whether he or she has sex or reproduces.
Males may have reproductive health needs whether child or adult, straight or gay, or virgin or sexually experienced.
Many sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are at epidemic proportions in the United States and are a major health hazard for many men and women. AIDS is twice as likely to occur in males as in females in the United States.
In 2014, death due to HIV in males was 3.0 per 100,000, and for females it was 1.1 per 100,000 (NCHS, 2016). Less well known, perhaps, is that many STDs are considered intrinsically “sexist” because clinical evidence, more overt in men, is more likely to facilitate a correct diagnosis in men than in women.
These STDs are easier to detect in men because men are more likely to be symptomatic; laboratory tests are more reliable in men; efficiency of transmission is greater from male to female; and men are more likely to seek care for STDs that are symptomatic.
For example, the overall incidence rate for Chlamydia infection in 2015 for males was 305.2 per 100,000; for females, the rate was 645.5 per 100,000.
The rate of gonorrhea was slightly higher among men (140.9 per 100,000 population) than among women (107.2 per 100,000 population). Syphilis was also more common in men than in women (13.7 per 100,000 males; 1.4 per 100,000 females) (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015).
Testicular cancer represents only 1% of cancers in males and is the most common cancer to affect young men between the ages of 15 and 35 years.
Cancer of the prostate is a leading cause of death from cancer in men, was estimated to account for 19.0 deaths per 100,000 population in 2014, and remains twice as common in African American males as in white males (NCHS, 2016).
The increase in the incidence of prostate cancer has been attributed to factors such as improved methods of detection and greater exposure to environmental carcinogens.
Mortality rates for all cancers remain high, especially in males older than 75 years. Men older than 85 years are twice as likely to die of cancer as those aged 75 to 84 years (NCHS, 2016).
Many occupational and environmental agents associated with adverse sexual and reproductive outcomes in men have been identified, including pesticides; anesthetic gases in the operating room and dental office; inorganic lead from smelters, paint, printing materials, carbon disulfide from vulcanization of rubber, inorganic mercury manufacturing, and dental work; and ionizing radiation from x-rays (Whorton, 1984).
Nonchemical agents have also been identified as hazardous in men; for example, hyperthermia experienced by firefighters has been linked to male infertility.
Many pharmacological agents, including prescription, over-the-counter, and recreational drugs, have been found to affect the reproductive outcomes or sexual functioning of men.
Examples are drugs from the following categories: antihypertensives, antipsychotics, antidepressants, hormones, sedatives, hypnotics, stimulants, chemotherapy agents used in cancer treatment, amphetamines, opiates, alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, barbiturates, and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD).
Erectile dysfunction has become a “socially acceptable” topic of discussion since many high-profile men, such as U.S. Senator Bob Dole, former National Football League coach Mike Ditka, and retired General Norman Schwarzkopf, have openly discussed their problem.
Pharmaceutical companies market their products for treatment of this disorder via mass media. Controversy has arisen as to the use of public funding for these products.
A focus on homosexual men’s health has come about largely through the advent of AIDS. Today, homosexuality encompasses not only the male but also the entire family.
The community health nurse should develop nonjudgmental assessment skills that foster honest and open expression for all members of the community. Nurses may need specialized skills to work with these individuals.
RUBRIC
Excellent Quality 95-100%
Introduction 45-41 points
The background and significance of the problem and a clear statement of the research purpose is provided. The search history is mentioned.
Literature Support 91-84 points
The background and significance of the problem and a clear statement of the research purpose is provided. The search history is mentioned.
Methodology 58-53 points
Content is well-organized with headings for each slide and bulleted lists to group related material as needed. Use of font, color, graphics, effects, etc. to enhance readability and presentation content is excellent. Length requirements of 10 slides/pages or less is met.
Average Score 50-85%
40-38 points More depth/detail for the background and significance is needed, or the research detail is not clear. No search history information is provided.
83-76 points Review of relevant theoretical literature is evident, but there is little integration of studies into concepts related to problem. Review is partially focused and organized. Supporting and opposing research are included. Summary of information presented is included. Conclusion may not contain a biblical integration.
52-49 points Content is somewhat organized, but no structure is apparent. The use of font, color, graphics, effects, etc. is occasionally detracting to the presentation content. Length requirements may not be met.
Poor Quality 0-45%
37-1 points The background and/or significance are missing. No search history information is provided.
75-1 points Review of relevant theoretical literature is evident, but there is no integration of studies into concepts related to problem. Review is partially focused and organized. Supporting and opposing research are not included in the summary of information presented. Conclusion does not contain a biblical integration.
48-1 points There is no clear or logical organizational structure. No logical sequence is apparent. The use of font, color, graphics, effects etc. is often detracting to the presentation content. Length requirements may not be met
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