How Are The Oculomotor Cues Sent To The Brain?

How Are The Oculomotor Cues Sent To The Brain?

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How Are The Oculomotor Cues Sent To The Brain?

What are the two oculomotor cues? Explain them with details. How are the oculomotor cues sent to the brain? [Correct!]

Accommodation and Convergence.

Accommodation is the eye reflex action in response to focusing a near object, which entails changes in the optical power of the eye lens to achieve the required focus. [As we shift our gaze to a nearer spot, we accommodate the shape of our lens to make it fatter, making the refractive power larger. As we shift our gaze to a distant object, the shape of our lens becomes flat, making the refractive power weaker. This process requires relaxation of the ciliary muscles.]

Convergence is the ability of the eye to demonstrate an inward rotation of both eyes towards each other.

The signals from accommodation and convergence travel through the optic nerve afferents to the lateral geniculate nucleus and end in the primary visual cortex where they are processed.

How do familiar size and relative size help us with depth perception? What the main difference between them?

Familiar size helps one tell how far an object is from the observer by assessing if its size is exaggerated or miniaturized. A smaller than usual size indicates that the object is far away. A grasp of the familiar size allows for the utilization of relative size by comparing how one appears relative to other. Objects will look smallest when farthest from the observer. So if two objects of the same size appear different size-wise, the largest is the one closest to the observer. [Correct, but you forgot to explain the differences between these two cues. We use the cue of relative size when we judge the relative distance based on our prior knowledge that objects from the same category have similar size. Relative size does not tell us the exact distance to an object or between objects (i.e., it only provides relative metrical depth information). Familiar size on the other hand gives us absolute metrical depth cue because the brain can calculate the exact distance given the formula above. ]

The following figure is a famous optic illusion called Müller-Lyer illusion. The vertical line from the left image is perceived as longer than the one from the right image. Use what you’ve learned about pictorial depth cues to explain this illusion.

This is a case of perspective convergence and divergence. The extensions at the terminal ends seem to lead the eye either inwards or outwards, creating the perception of the differing lengths of the vertical lines. Notably, there is convergence when looking at the image on the right and divergence when looking at the one on the left.

We can use perspective convergence to explain this illusion. The visual system learns that the “angles in” configuration (the right one in the image) corresponds to real-world scenes like the convex corner of a room, which is closer to us. On the other hand, the “angles out” configuration (the left one in the image) corresponds to an object which is far away, such as the concave corner of a room.

 

In a typical room, the convex and the concave corners have the same length, but since the concave corner is farther away, it should form a smaller retinal image compared to the convex corner. In the image above, these two lines form the same retinal image, so we perceive the “angles out” configuration that looks like the concave corner as taller.

In the following image, we perceive the man and the woman have similar size (left panel) even though the retinal image formed by the woman is much larger compared to the retinal image formed by the man (right panel). Explain this phenomenon.

Familiar size- this is a phenomenon where our knowledge of the normal size of the man and woman enables us to apply depth perception to realize that both objects are the same just at different distances; hence, the size difference.

This would be the case if we know this woman’s exact height. Relative size might be a better explanation. We have a strong prior that people in the world have similar size. Based on this assumption, the person that is farther away will take up less of our field of view than the one that is closer. Given that the retinal image of that person is way smaller compared to the woman, we infer that this person must be standing farther away from us.

List and explain three depth cues that make person A look closer than person B in the image below.

Relative size: the smaller size of individual B relative to A points to a difference in their distances. [Correct]

Occlusion- some of group A’s fellow individuals are obstructing the visualization of some group B’s fellow members, giving the impression that A and B are located at two different distances from each other. [I don’t think occlusion is very obvious in this painting. There are other depth cues available, e.g., relative height, shadows.]

Texture gradient- items of the size form smaller, closer spaced images the farther away they get. [Correct]

List and explain three depth cues that make person D look closer than the building C in the image below. These three cues can’t be the ones that have already listed in question 5.

Familiar size- The relative distance of C from D is apparent given that individual B looks way bigger than the expected size. This gives the impression that C must be far from D.

Aerial perspective- because the light is scattered through the atmosphere, farther away objects tend to appear fainter than close ones, as in the case of C.

Relative height- for objects that reach the ground, the farthest away occupy the higher visual field as in C. [All correct!]

What are the two motion-produced depth cues? Explain with examples.

Motion parallax- when objects appear to move faster when closer to a moving observer than when far away. For instance, when traveling in a car alongside a road with trees, the trees will appear to be moving quickly past you.

Deletion and accretion – eletion is the gradual disappearance of a moving object as it passes behind another object while accretion is the gradual reappearance of a moving object as it emerges from behind another. An example of deletion is a car taking a turn around a small block and accretion is reappearance after passing the block.

[All correct!]

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